<rss version="2.0" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><channel><title>kidsontop</title><description>kidsontop</description><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/blog</link><item><title>Holiday Fun Ideas</title><description><![CDATA[Whether it is is hot or cold there are lots of things you can do in and around your home or become a tourist in your own city....So hopefully you won't be hearing "I am bored" any more!Fun Ideas: Seek out to your local council to see upcoming events or activities that are scheduled for kids. Visit your local library to borrow and read books. Check out any events your local library is holding during the holidays. Visit different parks to ride bikes like the Bicentennial Park! Check out social<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_292ec00ba5d24488ab6105374bcbf113%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_363%2Ch_241/944d89_292ec00ba5d24488ab6105374bcbf113%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/12/04/Holiday-Fun-Ideas</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/12/04/Holiday-Fun-Ideas</guid><pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2019 04:20:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_292ec00ba5d24488ab6105374bcbf113~mv2.jpg"/><div>Whether it is is hot or cold there are lots of things you can do in and around your home or become a tourist in your own city.</div><div>...So hopefully you won't be hearing &quot;I am bored&quot; any more!</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_4e37541efe994d36adaee4105be9dffb~mv2.png"/><div>FunIdeas: </div><div>Seek out your local council, and surrounding councils, to see upcoming events or activities that are scheduled for kids in your area.Visit your local library to borrow and read books. Check out any events your local library is holding during the holidays. <div>Visit different parks to ride bikes like Centennial Park and  Bicentennial Park!</div>Check out social media pages of different local councils for any upcoming events. Cooking and baking with the kids. Get their hands dirty and their tummies full!Play board games!<div>Make a vegetable garden, especially with the Woolworths Discovery Garden Campaign. </div>Create a treasure hunt around the house! Create a puppet show with sock puppets or cooking show <div>Look up scientific experiments on youtube that can be done at home with the kids. <div>For example: Mr Maker and Dad Lab - Google &quot;the dad lab experiments&quot;<div>Be sure to recycle boxes, toilet paper rolls, newspapers, bottles that can be reused for your children's arts and crafts.  Make items such as buildings, trains, cars, play shops.</div></div></div></div><div>Take the kids out to local attractions like the Museum, Parks, Aquariums, Zoos, and the movies. </div><div>A helpful tip! <div>Check out their websites or social media and see whether they will be holding any holiday workshops/ events and if they have special offers or discounts. </div></div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/43516388dada4b52809298ad55b7bbd8.jpg"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_d94b58e7586d4dc7844daa193b463b3b~mv2.jpg"/><div>Depending on the weather -</div><div>Try out local parks or </div><div>indoor play spaces. </div><div>Here are some websites and apps that share discounted prices for kids activities (movies, play centres, food) can be purchased on:</div><div>https://www.groupon.com.au https://www.scoopon.com.au </div><div>Here are some ideas for families to do around Sydney! </div><div>See the website below for ideas on activities to do during the winter, spring, summer and autumn holidays. They provide some places around Sydney CBD and showcase workshops/events set out for the season. </div><div>Some suggestions for the winter holidays is to head to the Snowy Mountains and make the most of the season. Kids can learn how to ski or snowboard and have the chance to build a snowman. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/0ce68a41d01a42a0954a4a0337e2b3cd.jpg"/><div>The spring holidays is a great time to visit animals at NSW's zoos and wildlife parks. Highlights include Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Mogo Zoo, Symbio Wildlife Park, Australian Reptile Park and the new Sydney Zoo. Check out their websites to see if they have any hands on activities or package deals for kids during this time. For short breaks from Sydney, opt for the Central Coast, the Hunter or the Shoalhaven which are an easy two hour drive away. Take a family road trip and go camping at many of the national parks in NSW. Tour the museums like the maritime museum and find out if they are holding informative and interactive kid-friendly workshops, sometimes touring the ships! </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/154b9c2688304953b96ba34d2f79b64a.jpg"/><div>Some ideas for Summer fun!Go to the pools like the Botany aquatic centre, or the Sydney Olympic park aquatic centre that has slippery dips, dumping water buckets, fountains, water volcanoes and a rapid river ride. While the website says suitable for toddlers, older kids often enjoy this water wonderland too. Take a picnic and get your kids to grab a toy or a bike. Have them at the Barangaroo Reserve, Blackwattle Bay Park, Bradfield Park, Centennial Park and Bicentennial park. </div><div>Keep the kids active at workshops and festivals like Sydney Santa Spectacular in Penrith happening until 27 December 2019!</div><div>Go to a beach and have a sandcastle building competition.</div><div>Fly a kite. Better still make a kite then go and fly it!!</div><div>Some other events occurring over these Summer holidays!</div><div>- Sydney Dance Company Holiday Workshops: Around Sydney, Sydney Jan 2 2020-Jan 24 2020.</div><div>Whether your child is a triple threat or has twice the enthusiasm but none of the moves, these dancing workshops will inspire and excite their little feet. Sydney Dance Company has put together a series of school holiday classes suitable for dancing enthusiasts aged 5-18.</div><div>- The Big Bounce Australia: St Ives Showground, St Ives , Jan 24 2020-Feb 9 2020.</div><div>Instead of buying a trampoline for Christmas, the whole family can spend the summer holidays at this incredible inflatable kingdom. The pop-up theme park includes the Guinness World Record-certified largest ever bounce house, which has giant slides, climbing towers, obstacle runs, basketball hoops and ball pits sprawled across 1,500 square metres of bouncy real estate.</div><div>fOR MORE INFORMATION, Check THIS wEBSITE OUT!</div><div><a href="https://www.visitnsw.com/things-to-do/family-holidays/school-holidays">https://www.visitnsw.com/things-to-do/family-holidays/school-holidays</a></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Study Skills</title><description><![CDATA[This blog is a study guide that includes various tips and resources for English essay writing, creative writing and study. Make sure you check out some links listed below for extra information!PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE- PEELPOINT- write your first point; usually your key idea. After this, “relate” your key idea the questionEVIDENCE - this is where you need show evidence as to how your key idea relates to the question. This can be done by using examples from texts.EXAMPLE- this is where you provide<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/33d3288a6d5c4ad1adae674d034c01f3.jpg/v1/fill/w_244%2Ch_163/33d3288a6d5c4ad1adae674d034c01f3.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/11/27/Study-Skills</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/11/27/Study-Skills</guid><pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2019 01:14:32 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/33d3288a6d5c4ad1adae674d034c01f3.jpg"/><div>This blog is a study guide that includesvarious tips<div>and resources for English essay writing, creative writing and study. Make sure you check out some links listed below for extra information!</div></div><div>PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE- PEEL</div><div><div>POINT-</div>write your first point; usually your key idea. After this, “relate” your key idea the question</div><div><div>EVIDENCE -</div>this is where you need show evidence as to how your key idea relates to the question. This can be done by using examples from texts.</div><div><div>EXAMPLE-</div> this is where you provide examples. This can be done by including an example by adding in a quote and backing it up with a technique. Try using a lot of linking words and showing sophistication in your writing.</div><div>Show sophistication in your writing by embedding your quote into the sentence, using Band 6 type words.<div><a href="https://www.matrix.edu.au/beginners-guide-to-acing-hsc-english/how-to-write-an-essay/">https://www.matrix.edu.au/beginners-guide-to-acing-hsc-english/how-to-write-an-essay/</a>- this website is great for essay writing. It has a structure you can follow and tips in analysing texts, planning and writing essays, and editing essays.</div></div><div><div>LINK- </div>here, link back your statement to your question. This can be done by rephrasing your question.</div><div>End your paragraphs with ‘ending’ words, such as finally, therefore, in conclusion, too conclude etc. This indicates clearly that you have ended your paragraph.</div><div>Some additional tips:</div><div>Never try to memorise your prepared essay. Using tips like this will help you adapt to any question and be able to answer the question you’ve been given.<div><div><div>Practicing by writing paragraphs for </div><div>feedback from your teacher.</div></div><div><div>When you have received feedback (for any subject), apply the feedback </div>and see how you can use them to fix your writing, and then hand it back in for a final time. This will show you if you have applied feedback and how you have improved.</div></div><div>How to sit at a computer- <a href="https://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/">www.ergonomics.com.au/howtosit.htm.</a>← helpful tips on how to set up and organise your study area, and tips on how to study effectively. </div><div><a href="https://atarnotes.com/forum/index.php?topic=164556.0">https://atarnotes.com/forum/index.php?topic=164556.0</a>← this link takes you to a forum for students. They share notes on different subjects. </div></div><div>ANALYSING TEXTS:</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_199eb6fd314042eeb0a633839c6f12b7~mv2.png"/><div>POEMS/ SHORT STORY/ BOOK:</div><div>Use arrows, different coloured pens and highlighters, have your literary technique list next to you and list as many as you can find; that way you will have many techniques that you can use in your essay, and you can pick and chooseIf you are analysing a novel, then it may be useful to have your own copy of the novel and applying these tips.</div><div>LIKE THIS:---&gt;</div><div>LITERARY TECHNIQUES</div><div><div>Allegory: a literary mode that attempts to convert abstract concepts, values, beliefs, or historical events into characters or other tangible elements in a narrative. Examples include, Gulliver’s Travels, The Faerie Queene, Pilgrim’s Progress, and Paradise Lost.</div><div>Alliteration: The repetition of the same sounds—usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables—in any sequence of neighbouring words. It is typically used to convey a specific tone or message.</div><div>Allusion: When a text references, incorporates, or responds to an earlier piece, it is a figure of speech whereby the author refers to a subject matter such as a place, event, or literary work by way of a passing reference. It is up to the reader to make a connection to the subject being mentioned.</div><div>Apology: Often at the beginning or conclusion of a text, the term “apology” refers to an instance in which the author or narrator justifies his or her goals in producing the text.</div><div>Apostrophe: This figure of speech refers to an address to a dead or absent person, or an abstraction or inanimate object and is usually employed for emotional emphasis, which can become ridiculous when misapplied. </div><div>Characterisation: The ways individual characters are represented by the narrator or author of a text. This includes descriptions of the characters’ physical appearances, personalities, actions, interactions, and dialogue.</div><div>Diction: Word choice, or the specific language an author, narrator, or speaker uses to describe events and interact with other characters.</div><div>Dialogue: Spoken exchanges between characters in a dramatic or literary work, usually between two or more speakers.</div><div>Genre: A kind of literature. For instance, comedy, mystery, tragedy, satire, elegy, romance, and epic are all genres. Texts frequently draw elements from multiple genres to create dynamic narratives. Elements to define genres: organizational features (chapters, acts, scenes, stanzas); length; mood (the gothic novel tends to be moody and dark); style (a text can be high, low, or in-between depending on its audience); the reader’s role (readers of a mystery are expected to interpret evidence); and the author’s reason for writing.</div><div>Hyperbole: exaggerated language, description, or speech that is not meant to be taken literally, but is used for emphasis. For instance, “I’ve been waiting here for ages” or “This bag weighs a ton.”</div><div>Imagery: A term used to describe an author’s use of vivid descriptions that evoke sense-impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceive objects, scenes, actions, or states. Imagery can refer to the literal landscape or characters described in a narrative or the theoretical concepts an author employs. There are seven distinct types of imagery: visual, auditory, olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste), tactile (touch), kinaesthetic (movement) and organic (expressing emotion).</div><div>Irony: Typically refers to saying one thing and meaning the opposite, often to shock audiences and emphasise the importance of the truth.</div><div>Metaphor: a figure of speech that refers to one thing by another to identify similarities between the two (and therefore define each in relation to one another)</div><div>Tone: A way of communicating information (in writing, images, or sound) that conveys an attitude. Authors convey tone through a combination of word-choice, imagery, perspective, style, and subject matter. By adopting a specific tone, authors can help readers accurately interpret meaning in a text</div></div><img src="http://media3.giphy.com/media/KD1h48aOIP3DJsoohE/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c357a95797c961d0e5feae7c65c2f6ae105be80a1140&amp;rid=giphy.gif"/><div>Other websites with more literary techniques </div><div><a href="https://www.artofsmart.com.au/literary-techniques/">https://www.artofsmart.com.au/literary-techniques/</a></div><div><a href="https://hsccoworks.com.au/hscenglishlanguagetechniques/">https://hsccoworks.com.au/hscenglishlanguagetechniques/</a></div><div><a href="https://tutorsfield.com.au/articles/2018/03/31/literary-techniques-list-hsc-vce/">https://tutorsfield.com.au/articles/2018/03/31/literary-techniques-list-hsc-vce/</a></div><div><a href="https://www.matrix.edu.au/essential-guide-english-techniques/the-literary-techniques-toolkit/">https://www.matrix.edu.au/essential-guide-english-techniques/the-literary-techniques-toolkit/</a></div><div>FILM AND VISUAL TECHNIQUES </div><div>These techniques are useful when analysing a short video or a movieTOP TIP- When watching the film, take note of the scene or time frame when writing a film technique, so that when you watch the scene again, you can analyse it better. </div><div>(Some of these techniques have been gathered by past HSC teachers and students)</div><div><div>Aerial shot: usually an exterior shot taken from above the scene by way of a crane or an aircraft</div><div>Allegory: use of highly symbolic features to represent well-known ideas, such as death or love</div><div>Allusion: obvious reference to something well-known, although not fully expressed or stated</div><div>Background: all items or objects not part of the main area of interest in a film</div><div>Cinemascope: process using an anamorphic lens to create a widescreen image</div><div>Close shot: shot that provides clear detail of a person (usually only the head and shoulders)</div><div>Crane shot: shot taken with the aid of a large crane that lifts the camera and the cinematographer above and around the action in almost any direction</div><div>Cross-cutting: intermingling of two or more scenes to suggest parallel action</div><div>Cut: a switch from one image to another</div><div>Deep focus shot: most distant part of the screen image that is still in focus</div><div>Dialogue: the spoken component of a screenplay which can take the form of a voice over, soliloquy or an exchange between characters</div><div>Diegetic sound: belonging to on-screen, e.g. dialogue, sound effects, ambient noise</div><div>Dolly shot: also called a trucking shot, a shot taken from a moving platform</div><div>Extreme shot: very detailed view of a person or a thing (generally eyes or mouth)</div>Extreme long shot: view of an exterior location shot in panoramic fashion so that the entire surrounds are evident<div>Foreground: part of the scene represented on film as being closest to the viewer</div><div>Freeze frame: same shot repeated on the filmstrip so that the image appears frozen</div><div>Genre: common types of movies, recognised by viewers, where well-known conventions are in place, especially in the form of the narrative</div><div>Hand-held shot: jerky camera motion often deliberately used to suggest documentary footage</div><div>High-angle shot: subject of the shot is photographed from high up</div><div>Imagery: term used to denote the use of images, figure or likeliness of things, or such images collectively for illustrative purpose</div><div>Lighting: term used to denote the manipulation of natural and artificial light to create artistic visual shots</div><div>Medium shot: taken from relatively close-up, so that the human figure is evident</div><div>Mise-en-scène: the whole part of the cinematic process taking place on the set in front of the camera, such as setting, props, lighting, actions of the characters, costume, etc</div><div>Narration: speaking voice heard on the soundtrack, either from a character on-screen or an off-screen voiceover, that provides commentary on the action of the spot</div><div>Narrative: term used to denote the story of events, experiences, or the like, that comprises a film</div><div>Non-diegetic sound: coming from outside, e.g. music soundtrack, voice-over</div><div>Oblique shot: also called tilt shot, a shot that is achieved by shooting a scene with a tilted camera</div><div>Pathos: touching or pathetic character for effect</div><div>Pull-back dolly: moving the camera away from the scene to reveal something that was not in the frame originally</div><div>Reaction shot: a cutaway view of a character's reaction to an immediately preceding action</div><div>Set: where a film is shot, which can be either indoors or outdoors</div><div>Setting: where the action of the film takes place</div><div>Slow motion: film in which the image moves slower than normal</div><div>Symbolism: technique whereby an object or event has significance, determined by the dramatic context, beyond the literal and often represents something immaterial</div><div>Tracking shot: any shot in which the camera moves from one point to another either sideways, in or out</div><div>Zoom: a shot using a lens whose focal length is adjusted during the shot</div></div><img src="http://media1.giphy.com/media/S2wAes3xRCu4PBFyHB/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3571972bc9832f2465fb832cb56f2b92cdcfae3110a&amp;rid=giphy.gif"/><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d1japIhKU9I"/><div>Shot size</div><div><div>Big close up: emotion, a vital moment, drama</div><div>Close-up: intimacy</div><div>Medium shot: a personal relation to the subject</div><div>Long shot: context, public distance</div></div><div>Camera angle</div><div><div>High (looking up): domination, power, authority</div><div>Eye-level: equality</div><div>Low: weakness, powerlessness</div></div><div>Composition </div><div><div>Symmetrical: posed, calm, formal</div><div>Asymmetrical: natural, everyday, unposed</div><div>Static: lack of conflict</div><div>Dynamic: disturbance, disorientation</div></div><div>Focus </div><div><div>Selective focus: draws attention, foregrounds</div><div>Soft focus: romance, nostalgia</div><div>Deep focus: all elements are important, commanding the gaze</div></div><div>Colour</div><div><div>Warm: optimism, intense emotion</div><div>Cool: pessimism, clinical calm, reason</div><div>Black and white: realism, actuality, film noir</div></div><div>Cinematic codes</div><div><div>Zoomin: observation</div><div>Fast zoom in: passing of time, humour, suspense</div><div>Zoom out: context, location</div><div>Pan: survey, follow, eye witness</div><div>Track: intimacy, immediacy, urgency</div><div>Tilt: survey, follow, eye witness</div></div><img src="http://media0.giphy.com/media/65LrvAMGU650TvPgs5/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3575d9db34a595e934bb66c99814b9d74fe4c2c5f76&amp;rid=giphy.gif"/><div>MORE LINKS:</div><div><a href="https://www.artofsmart.com.au/english-visual-techniques/">https://www.artofsmart.com.au/english-visual-techniques/</a></div><div><a href="https://www.oma.on.ca/en/contestpages/resources/free-report-cinematography.pdf">https://www.oma.on.ca/en/contestpages/resources/free-report-cinematography.pdf</a><a href="https://www.oma.on.ca/en/contestpages/resources/free-report-cinematography.pdf">← explains why certain techniques are used.</a></div><div><a href="https://www.matrix.edu.au/beginners-guide-to-acing-hsc-english/how-to-prepare-for-short-answer-questions/">https://www.matrix.edu.au/beginners-guide-to-acing-hsc-english/how-to-prepare-for-short-answer-questions/</a></div><div>CREATIVE WRITING TIPS ✍︎</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/5264ed1278f543fdb5a2d7f8d2b08540.jpg"/><div>Here are some tips when writing a creative piece:</div><div>Plan your structure: the opening and conclusion- a circular or elliptical structure could help strengthen your response.Show, don’t tell. Focus on appealing to the senses through imagery. The senses include- olfactory, gustatory, auditory, visual, tactile. Show the emotion!! Use descriptive words to define the emotion in the setting. Verbs are key in writing! Use effective verbs!! Listen to the sound, rhythm and language of your story. Ensure that you have not repeated a word or sentence, and that it is clear and concise in demonstrating the idea. Re-reading your response out loud is a good way of editing your piece.Vary paragraph lengths! Break them up. Maintain structure.Employ a variety of sentence beginnings and sentence lengths.Use a range of poetic devices- evocative imagery can be very effective. Provide the backstory of a character in a few simple words or sentences. 1 or 2 sentences are effectiveAvoid Cliches: try to be unique with your ideas to grab the marker`s attention.Make sure your creative writing continuously refers to the stimulus or question that is provided in your exam Practice coming up with story ideas from past papers Once in an exam, set aside 5 mins before starting as the time to plan your ideas, storyline, characters. This will allow your story to become cohesive as you are writing.</div><div>TYPES OF STRUCTURE FOR IMAGINATIVE RESPONSES</div><div><div>Linear: sequential telling of story</div><div>Cyclical: starts and ends in the same place but the ending suggests that there is an epiphany or realisation. The start and ending mirror each other.</div><div>Flashback: moves between the present and the past. Could be from more than one perspective.</div><div>Fragment: a moment in time in a narrative, such as the moment that self-discovery occurs.</div><div>Parallel: Two story threads running at the same time in your response from different perspectives. The stories usually merge or connect at the end to make a unified narrative</div><div>In Media Res: Starting your response in the middle action.</div></div><img src="http://media0.giphy.com/media/XIqCQx02E1U9W/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3576fb17c266e90fd4c6686f70d612834ba1c1cdc1f&amp;rid=giphy.gif"/><div>TECHNIQUES</div><div><div>Sensory Image: To establish the setting of your story</div><div>Satire: Use as humour and exaggeration</div><div>Simile: Direct comparison</div><div>Metaphor: Provokes imagination from the reader</div><div>Extended Metaphor: A symbol/picture/ word that is in the stimulus can be mentioned or repeated roughout your story to create meaning</div><div>Anaphora: Word repetition at the beginnings of sentences to emphasis on the word/idea</div><div>Rhetorical question: Questioning without expecting the answer, allows the reader to be more intrigue and continue to read your story. </div></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Core strength activities for kids</title><description><![CDATA[It’s difficult to balance, perform coordinated movements on both sides of the body, sit up straight in a chair, hold a pencil, control scissors, or jump if you don’t have a strong core.Strong core muscles make it easier to do most physical activities. Weak core muscles can lead to fatigue, less endurance and loss of focus. Weak core muscles can also leave you susceptible to poor posture, lower back pain and muscle injuries. Give your kids an edge!!Children are like sponges and they learn so much<img src="http://media3.giphy.com/media/ZQqiFdS5CMcLK/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3575c5f6d434449384255bf3ada"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top www.kidsontop.com.au</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/04/18/Core-strength-activities-for-kids</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/04/18/Core-strength-activities-for-kids</guid><pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2019 08:40:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://media3.giphy.com/media/ZQqiFdS5CMcLK/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3575c5f6d434449384255bf3ada"/><div>It’s difficult to balance, perform coordinated movements on both sides of the body, sit up straight in a chair, hold a pencil, control scissors, or jump if you don’t have a strong core.</div><div>Strong core muscles make it easier to do most physical activities. Weak core muscles can lead to fatigue, less endurance and loss of focus. Weak core muscles can also leave you susceptible to poor posture, lower back pain and muscle injuries. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_518066690a814802bd250520c59c3e33~mv2.jpg"/><div>Give your kids an edge!!</div><div>Children are like sponges and they learn so much by observation of others behaviours.</div><div>So modelling a good healthy lifestyle will help them to develop good habits from an early age as the good behaviours will be what they see as normal. </div><div>It is never too late to change your habits and assist your children to also adopt healthier eating, sleeping and exercising routines. </div><div>Awareness is a huge benefit for every one through out their lives. Explaining the benefits of better physical health and how it will assist with their life goals, increase self confidence, resilience and learning abilities may be all they need.</div><div>But ensure you are being a good role model and demonstrating your commitment to a healthy lifestyle to assist them to be involved.</div><div>And above all make it fun and work with their strengths.</div><div>Involve the children in lifestyle decisions such as dinner menus, help with food preparation. Invent fun easy to do exercise so it doesn't feel like a chore but is fun quality time with parents. It may be walking the dog, walking home from school, shooting hoops, animal walk races, obstacle course and even tickle fights!! </div><div>Exercise ball activities</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_542d504109404c6fa56f80525d6edd3d~mv2.jpg"/><div>Exercise balls can be used for a myriad of fun exercises to help build core strength. </div><div>Balancing on the ball and lifting a leg or lying on your stomach and lifting the upper body up to the count of 3 and gradually increase the time. Also try walking forward on your hands until only your feet are on the ball.</div><div>Maybe have stickers and have the child walk forward and put a sticker on the wall or a ball in a box. </div><div>Play hot potato where 2 people sit back to back and then hand the exercise ball around to the other person and continue in a circle for a minute to see who has the potato at the end. </div><div>Animal Walks are fun!!</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_6969b45fe4b243118823d26b94a7cc8c~mv2.jpg"/><div>There are many animal walks to choose from eg a bear, dog, frog, kangaroo or invent you own.</div><div>Make an obstacle course around the room or have a race down the hall. </div><div>Animal walks can also be used in the classroom to use different muscle groups and utilise planning and memory.</div><div>For example when going to the bin you need to be a frog and when going to your tub you need to be a crab and when you need to ask a question you stand and be a flamingo!!</div><div>This helps the kids who seek extra movement and need to move more than others get some extra sensory input through out the school day.</div><div>Movement and Yoga </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_2b3f40291b7a4ff88c3122cb28024bdf~mv2.jpg"/><div>Simple stretches also help to develop and maintain a strong core. </div><div>Side to side, touching toes, squats, twisting from side to side.</div><div>Squat down and pick up an item (eg lego pieces) then stand and put in a box on a chair. See how many they can pick up in 1 minute.</div><div>Stand 1 step away from the wall with back to the wall. Turn and touch the wall and then turn and touch the other side. Make sure feet don't move. </div><div>Yoga can also be used as part of the exercise routine as well a wonderful calming down activity after more strenuous exercise. It is perfect for when returning to the classroom after a break to get everyone calm and ready for learning. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_a78f449cc5a8477297ec9a30aa3a1177~mv2.jpg"/><div>Illustrations: </div><div>Kids activity wheel https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/PE-Poster-Benefits-of-Physical-Literacy-2930334</div><div>Kids yoga poses https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/kids-exercise-poses-and-yoga-asana-set-vector-13464715</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Kids Can Help!</title><description><![CDATA[Do you feel like this? Everyone can contribute to household chores. NOT a select few!! Get the kids involved and let them reap the benefits!!Parents often ask if they should give their children chores.The answer is a resounding YES!!Chores have many benefits, including a sense of belonging, responsibility, cooperation, life skills, a sense of accomplishment, contributing to the household as well as many skills that assist with school work, self care and relationships. Whether they're making<img src="http://media2.giphy.com/media/3DnDRfZe2ubQc/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3575c590cb52e6d5548770ef833"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top www.kidsontop.com.au</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/03/07/Kids-Can-Help</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/03/07/Kids-Can-Help</guid><pubDate>Thu, 07 Mar 2019 02:15:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>Do you feel like this?</div><img src="http://media2.giphy.com/media/3DnDRfZe2ubQc/giphy.gif?cid=dc79c3575c590cb52e6d5548770ef833"/><div>Everyone can contribute to household chores. </div><div> NOT a select few!! </div><div> Get the kids involved and let them reap the benefits!!</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_0a6ea724de67460d82d2117f1e20116a~mv2.png"/><div>Parents often ask if they should give their children chores.</div><div>The answer is a resounding YES!!</div><div>Chores have many benefits, including a sense of belonging, responsibility, cooperation, life skills, a sense of accomplishment, contributing to the household as well as many skills that assist with school work, self care and relationships. </div><div>Whether they're making their bed or they're sweeping the floor, helping out around the house helps kids feel capable.</div><div>Chores were the best predictor of which kids were more likely to become happy, healthy, independent adults. </div><div>Below is a list of appropriate chores by suggested age groups. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_152bbf5c3fd64516b219330ce7e1d6cd~mv2_d_2400_2708_s_4_2.jpg"/><div>CHORE BENEFIT </div><div>*Sweeping floors /raking leaves  * Bilateral integration. Both sides of the body working together eg 1 hand holding dustpan and the other the broom </div><div>*Laying the table *Develop left and right for laying cutlery. Memory for what is needed for each meal. </div><div>*Putting out and Sorting laundry *Visual discrimination skills for tasks such as matching socks, sorting clothing into piles, sorting colours from whites.</div><div>*Loading and unloading the dishwasher. *Organisational and planning skills for putting items in their correct place in the correct order. </div><div>*Washing /drying dishes*Opportunity for social interaction whilst doing the dishes. </div><div>*Washing the windows or the car *Developing big motor skills </div><div>*Feeding /walking family pet  *Responsibility for another living thing. </div><div>*Cleaning bedroom/making bed * Responsibility of own space </div><div>*Putting rubbish out *Following a sequence and sorting eg food scraps, recyclables, general rubbish. Removing rubbish outside and then replacing with new rubbish bag. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_bba62181bc5744f29bbb47a0048dc3cd~mv2.jpg"/><div>Different methods for organising and allocating chores. </div><div>A simple chart for each child with allocated jobs.</div><div>A star or sticker chart. </div><div>Or icy pole sticks with jobs written on them and the child chooses a stick and puts in the 'done' jar when finished. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_770ddea317464263b255a3451b7a83e3~mv2.jpg"/><div>Illustrations: </div><div>https://www.rd.com/advice/parenting/chores-for-kids/ Chores Pyramid </div><div>https://selfsufficientkids.com/chore-charts-kids/ Chore charts </div><div>https://sweetcsdesigns.com/toddler-chore-charts-with-scotch-tape-scotchbts/ Chore sticks </div><div>Sponge Bob - Wix images </div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Importance of play skills for young children!</title><description><![CDATA[Play is voluntary engagement in self motivated activities that are associated with pleasure and enjoyment. Play is a naturally occuring phenomenon that promotes a child's engagement, learning, social inclusion and independence (Autism services, 2012). Children usually develop play skills spontaneously and voluntarily. Through play, children learn about their environment, body in space and their place in the world.Play skills rely upon the ability to plan and sequence activities, problem solve,<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/ec5f2988101f8e2a6218ec3d878f77a3.jpg/v1/fill/w_263%2Ch_176/ec5f2988101f8e2a6218ec3d878f77a3.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top www.kidsontop.com.au</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/02/06/Importance-of-play-skills-for-your-children</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/02/06/Importance-of-play-skills-for-your-children</guid><pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2019 02:33:11 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/ec5f2988101f8e2a6218ec3d878f77a3.jpg"/><div>Play is voluntary engagement in self motivated activities that are associated with pleasure and enjoyment. Play is a naturally occuring phenomenon that promotes a child's engagement, learning, social inclusion and independence (Autism services, 2012). Children usually develop play skills spontaneously and voluntarily. Through play, children learn about their environment, body in space and their place in the world.</div><div>Play skills rely upon the ability to plan and sequence activities, problem solve, be creative, transfer skills from one game to another and have body awareness. Play is a crucial avenue for children to develop social skills, societal rules, winning and losing and develop self regulation skills. Most importantly, play is for fun, relaxation and releasing energy</div><div>Stages of play</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/9e129762b0704499aa0ee7df0c755c34.jpg"/><div> * Play developmental milestones may vary with age. For further info, click on the table below </div><div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_7b7caeb9efaa494aadde70c42f8699f8~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/eb4c1abbd217b932355190c3dda5828e.jpg"/></div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_35735771d86c48a9958095378532d466~mv2.jpg"/><div>Learning through play </div><div>Play is a diverse and complex behaviour that may be viewed as central to the normal development of children (Autism Spectrum Australia, 2008). Children who engage in quality play experiences are more likely to have well-developed memory skills, language development, and are able to regulate their behaviour, leading to enhanced school adjustment and academic learning (Bodrova &amp; Leong, 2005). </div><div>A lack of appropriate play may affect the development of a child's turn taking abilities, reciprocal play, motor planning and conflict resolution. Play prepares children for life events, and thus allows them time to practice and perfect certain skills and movements. Thus, play creates a brain that has increased ‘flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life’ (Lester &amp; Russell, 2008). </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/341ead349931409188e9561d031f7f1f.jpg"/><div>One of the greatest benefits of play is to assist with the development of social competance and social norms. Through imaginative play, children are able to resolve conflict in a non confrontational manner. For example, playing with dolls and the 'sisters' want the same dress, but end up taking turns and rotating outfits throughout the play. As such, play assists with relationship building, negotiating skills and regulating behaviours. </div><div>Play is also crucial as it allows a child to develop independence and autonomy. It encourages a child's freedom of choice, imaginative play, self expression and positive feelings of success and optimism. It also fosters a safe environment to make mistakes and self correct behaviours. Similarly, play teaches self care skills such as dressing and eating when playing with tea sets, dolls and pretend food. </div><div>Subconsciously, play assists with motor planning, fine and gross motor movements. Through play, children perfect and coordinate large body movements, as well as small movements of the hands and fingers. Fine motor skills are essential for performing every day tasks such as feeding, dressing and academic skills e.g. handwriting and scissor skills(Kid sense, 2018). These skills are developed through using lego, dressing dolls, creating puzzles as well as arts and crafts. </div><div>Gross motor skills are those requiring whole body movements and larger muscle groups to perform every day functions such as sitting, standing and walking (Kid sense, 2018). They are developed through games such as hop scotch, catching and throwing, swimming and obstacle courses. Evidently, these forms of play help develop strength and endurance required to manage daily activities. </div><div>Resources</div><div>Autism Services. (2012). A Parent’s Guide: Teaching Play Skills to Children with Autism Autism [Ebook] (pp. 1-40). Ontario: Erinoa Kids Centre for Treatment and Development. Retrieved from https://www.erinoakkids.ca/ErinoakKids/media/EOK_Documents/Autism_Resources/Teaching-Play-Skills.pdf</div><div>Bodrova, E. &amp; Leong, D. J. (2005). Uniquely preschool: What research tells us about the ways young children learn. Educational Leadership, 63(1), 44-47.</div><div>Kid Sense. (2018). Play Skills - Kid Sense Child Development. Retrieved from https://childdevelopment.com.au/areas-of-concern/play-and-social-skills/play-skills/</div><div>Lester, S. &amp; Russell, S. (2008). Play for a change. Play policy and practice: A review of contemporary perspectives. Play England. Retrieved 21.6.2010 from http://www.worldleisure. org/pdfs/Copy%20of%20book_rev_play_for_change.pdf</div><div>Rymanowicz. (2015). The power of play – Part 1: Stages of play. Retrieved from http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/the_power_of_play_part_1_stages_of_play</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Hints and Tips for a smooth transition to a   new school term</title><description><![CDATA[Routine Staying calm and being organised in the morning will help you all feel positive about the day ahead and being calm and organised in the evening leads to a calmer bed time routine for a good nights sleep. 1) Prepare a weekly or daily planner for the family or each individual so events don't get missed and items not forgotten eg library or sport day, excursions.2) Prepare uniform and school bag the night before. Involve student in the preparation. 3) Set an alarm that enables enough time<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_45a29c2d167e490f8e69d1adc48de7e6%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_388%2Ch_550/944d89_45a29c2d167e490f8e69d1adc48de7e6%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top www.kidsontop.com.au</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/01/24/Hints-and-Tips-for-a-smooth-transition-to-a-new-school-term</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/01/24/Hints-and-Tips-for-a-smooth-transition-to-a-new-school-term</guid><pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2019 10:36:26 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_45a29c2d167e490f8e69d1adc48de7e6~mv2.jpg"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_335132110a7d449498bd678f2cb2f20a~mv2.jpg"/><div>Routine </div><div>Staying calm and being organised in the morning will help you all feel positive about the day ahead and being calm and organised in the evening leads to a calmer bed time routine for a good nights sleep. </div><div>1) Prepare a weekly or daily planner for the family or each individual so events don't get missed and items not forgotten eg library or sport day, excursions.</div><div>2) Prepare uniform and school bag the night before. Involve student in the preparation. </div><div>3) Set an alarm that enables enough time for a stress free morning. </div><div>4) Healthy nutritious breakfast. Fuel for effective learning.</div><div>5) Healthy snack after school</div><div>6) Minimise extra curricular activities as appropriate for their age. One activity per week is enough for a kindy/year 1 child. </div><div>7) Reading, home work, study </div><div>8) Set dinner time </div><div>9) Schedule in home chores as appropriate for age </div><div>10) Bed time/sleep routine as per visual below - Adapted for age. </div><div>Remember things don't always go to plan. So if need be change the plan or try again tomorrow!!</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_ada012071c8f4b068403902cbe881968~mv2.jpeg"/><div>Sleep </div><div>We spend up to a third of our lives sleeping, so the quality and quantity of sleep is important to our overall health and wellbeing.</div><div>To prepare your child for a good night's sleep, it's important to have a routine.</div><div>Try to do the same routine before bed each night so that their bodies understand that this routine leads to sleep. </div><div>Avoiding all stimulants like sugary or gassy drinks, food and screens for 1-2 hours before bed </div><div>Have the bedroom tech free at night to avoid any temptation or disturbance. </div><div>Make sure the bedroom is conducive to sleep. Make sure it is dark enough (or a night light if required) quiet, comfortable and the right temperature. </div><div>Below is a guide for the recommended amount of sleep required per age group:</div><div>3-5 years old : 10-13 hours sleep</div><div>6-13 years 9-11 hours sleep</div><div>14-17 years : 8-10 hours sleep. </div><div>School lunches</div><div>Successful school lunches need to meet some simple rules. </div><div>1) Healthy and nutritious</div><div>2) Simple </div><div>3) Inviting to eat</div><div>4) Easy for small hands to manage- both the food and the containers. </div><div>5) Appropriate amount for their age. </div><div>6) Minimal packaging as many schools discourage packaging. </div><div>7) A water bottle for regular hydration </div><div>Like Kids On Top on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/kidsontopau </div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Theraputty Activities</title><description><![CDATA[Therapy Putty can be used to improve grip strength, dexterity, and hand strengthening through finger, hand, and wrist resistive exercises.Theraputty Activities Make your name Hold the putty with both hands and roll into a ball. With the thumb and finger pads of your preferred hand, pinch off small pieces of putty by twisting and pinching the end of the ball. Roll small pieces into small pea shapes and then roll these into long sausages. Use the long sausages to make your name. To increase the<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_4341d6175a40401986471664682010a0%7Emv2.png"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/01/09/Theraputty-Activities</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2019/01/09/Theraputty-Activities</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Jan 2019 05:10:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>Therapy Putty can be used to improve grip strength, dexterity, and hand strengthening through finger, hand, and wrist resistive exercises.</div><div>Theraputty Activities</div><div>Make your name</div><div>Hold the putty with both hands and roll into a ball. With the thumb and finger pads of your preferred hand, pinch off small pieces of putty by twisting and pinching the end of the ball. Roll small pieces into small pea shapes and then roll these into long sausages. Use the long sausages to make your name. </div><div>To increase the difficulty you could ask the child to make various letters, numbers and shapes using the putty.<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_4341d6175a40401986471664682010a0~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_fa0b49fb7d9d4d2f85ee9c3223cf1f81~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_7b3479d6bbe14ba69698d8d5225e2592~mv2.png"/></div></div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_d9ec5ed2c6f6473e99dab4e869d84e0b~mv2.png"/><div>2. Hide and Seek</div><div>Try hiding small objects (beads, marbles, coins) </div><div>inside the putty and then try pulling and </div><div>pinching them out.</div><div>3. <div>Pancake spread. </div></div><div>Roll the putty into a ball using both hands.</div><div>Place the ball on a table and flatten the ball</div><div>to make a pancake by placing one hand flat</div><div>on top of the other and arms straight.</div><div>Pick up the pancake from the table and</div><div>close one set of fingers together whilst extended. </div><div>Place the pancake over the top of fingers and thumb and open them out as far as you can.</div><div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_bb42b0ebc80c4233989d2f53d9319097~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_f05975d3145f442ba9ba9dac1e0f46fd~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_28670409e7e84fff9323b72ffb56d1b0~mv2.png"/></div><div>4. Donut Stretch </div><div>Roll putty into a ball using both hands. Roll the ball in to a snake. Squish ends together to form a donut.</div><div>Place putty loop around fingers. Stretch loop by opening at large knuckles only. Keep the thumb still and finger straight. </div><div>Complete with both hands. </div><div>To increase the resistance, make the donut thicker or use a higher resistance putty </div><div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_79c5244415d14f6ba5f853acaa694b31~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_c1251b3867c44c479ca15f37760af099~mv2.png"/></div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_6ce6bc88811e4eb89780f81aab118906~mv2.png"/><div>5. Finger Scissor</div><div>Using a small amount of putty roll into a ball.</div><div>Spread your fingers and place the ball in between</div><div>two fingers (e.g. index and middle finger).</div><div>Squeeze the ball with your fingers until they touch.</div><div>Repeat with all fingers and complete on both hands. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_54eb435d0ec44aac8ce21d6195284776~mv2.png"/><div>6. Pinching/ Poking</div><div>Roll the putty into a snake, making sure it’s not</div><div>too thin and both sides are even.</div><div>Place the snake on the table and any of the below</div><div>exercises can be completed: </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_3de4cdfb1ef14447aaa360b40a45561d~mv2.png"/><div>A) Pinching: using the tip of the thumb and index finger start pinching the putty at the top and make a</div><div>dinosaur or crocodile tail.</div><div>B) Poking: push the index finger into the top of the</div><div> putty from the head of the snake to the tail.</div><div> Repeat with all fingers and complete for both hands. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_3cc427330d3b4a98a44c74dad0ba2272~mv2.png"/><div>Theraputty Animals</div><div>Make a caterpillar</div><div>Make a snail</div><div>Make a spider</div><div>Make a crocodile</div><div>Or invent your own. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_bcabdbccc0e74b1988b4e68eac183e39~mv2.png"/><div>You may like to try using other things with the putty;</div><div>Rolling pinScissorsPaddle pop sticksBeadsCookie cutters</div><div>If the child is sensitive to the texture of the putty then it can be put in a plastic zip lock bag or covered with plastic or glad wrap.</div><div>Reference: </div><div>http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/kids/resources/ot-activityinformation-sheets/theraputty/</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>What are social skills &amp; why are they important?</title><description><![CDATA[Social skills are are the skills we use everyday to communicate and interact with others. For many children, social skills present as a challenge at school and home. They include verbal and non-verbal communication, including speech, body language and facial expressions. Strong social skills are demonstrated when one knows how to behave in social settings, and understand implied communication with others. Social skills are important in maintaining friendships and positive interactions with<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/75b3440636594257a858fa8c0263867b.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top www.kidsontop.com.au</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2018/07/17/What-are-social-skills-why-are-they-important</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2018/07/17/What-are-social-skills-why-are-they-important</guid><pubDate>Wed, 01 Aug 2018 07:39:55 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/75b3440636594257a858fa8c0263867b.jpg"/><div>Social skills are are the skills we use everyday to communicate and interact with others. For many children, social skills present as a challenge at school and home. They include verbal and non-verbal communication, including speech, body language and facial expressions. Strong social skills are demonstrated when one knows how to behave in social settings, and understand implied communication with others. </div><div>Social skills are important in maintaining friendships and positive interactions with others. They are crucial in handling challenging situations effectively, recognising and managing emotions in themselves and others. Similarly, they are also involved in regulating behaviours through thoughtful decision making and reflecting on feelings. </div><div>Click on the image for social skills in Action  (Kids matter, 2015)</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_318eb14476324e358baff8f637178511~mv2.png"/><div>How to tell if a child experiences difficulties with social skills...</div><div>If a child experiences difficulties with social skills, they may:</div><div>Avoid eye contactLack turn taking abilities Struggle with body language i.e. standing too close/farDifficulty interpreting non verbal communication including facial expressions, tone and body gesturesDifficulty asking appropriate questions Difficulty responding appropriately in changing social circumstances Difficulty with executive functioning in play and social situations Difficulty describing and responding to other emotions and also regulating their own Difficulty initiating and responding to joint attentionExperience difficulties understanding hidden social cues</div><div>If you have any concerns about your child, please consult your GP or paediatrician. </div><div>Problems that may occur if a child has social skill difficulties...</div><div><div>Behavioural problems:a child may refuse to engage in social engagements e.g. parties/group sports</div><div>Sensory processing:a child may have difficulties focusing and maintaining focus due to difficulties processing information from the environment </div><div>School work:a child may experience difficulties understanding work concepts and imaginative tasks </div><div>Language: a child may have difficulty understanding conversation and expressing themselves through varied forms of communication</div><div>Self regulation:a child may experience challenges with maintaining and changing behaviours, emotions, attention and activity levels </div></div><div>Activities to help improve social skills</div><div>Practice pretend play and role playUse board or card games to practice winning and losing. Teach phrases such as &quot;you win some, you loose some&quot; &quot;better luck next time&quot; that they can use with their friends. Visual aids such as a turn taking clock may be used to support turn taking Encourage eye contact through motivating and exciting activities of their choice i.e. make masksUse bubbles to attract your child's attention and encourage them to look at you to blow more Encourage imitation through dance, movement and rhythmic songs i.e. Head, shoulders..Using a learning story to teach your child exceptions of personal space i.e. standing an arms distance away when talking to a friend or when sharing a game, its okay to be closerAsk your child to identify facial expressions and body gestures at school and home. Discuss the meaning of these and the emotion they were feeling. Practice using phrases with and without sarcasm to help your child identify tone of voice, body language and facial expressions. Video them and ask them to identify the differencesTeach your child a few simple &quot;Knock Knock&quot; jokes. Practice these around the dinner table and see if your child can identify what is funny; the basic principle of joke telling.Set up play dates with other children or siblings to encourage co-operative and pretend play such as dress ups, building cubby house in the living room and arts/crafts </div><div>Note to parents!</div><div><div>Be involved: find out how your child's school has implemented social and emotional learning. </div><div>Be a model: model social skills and show your child how they work. Children will learn from you. </div><div>Talk about feelings:help your child express and explore their feelings</div><div><div>Be a guide:</div>turn difficulties into learning opportunities</div><div>Acknowledge and appreciate: provide feedback and praise good behaviours</div><div>Provide a safe place to play: provide safe indoor and out door play space. </div><div>Give them free time: <div>don't over schedule and allow them time to create their own play </div></div></div><div>Current Evidence Based social and emotional skills programs </div><div><div>Children aged 3-6 years:The Play and Learning Socialise Program (PALS) </div><div>Children aged 8-12 years:Secret Agent Society (SAS) </div><div>Teens and young adults: The Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational skills (PEERS) </div></div><div>References: </div><div> Johnsson, G. (2018). A guide for developing social and emotional skills (1st ed.). Sydney: Autism Spectrum Australia (Aspect).</div><div> Kids Matter. (2018). Social and emotional learning: suggestions for families. Retrieved from https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/mental-health-matters/social-and-emotional-learning/suggestions-for-families</div><div> Kid Sense. (2018). Social Skills - Kid Sense Child Development. Retrieved from https://childdevelopment.com.au/areas-of-concern/play-and-social-skills/social-skills/</div><div> Menillio, M. (2016). A look into Social Skills: Kindy and Sibling play - OTFC. Retrieved from http://occupationaltherapychildren.com.au/a-look-into-social-skills-kindy-and-sibling-play/</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Healthy Eating For Good Performance</title><description><![CDATA[Promoting healthy eating habits and behaviours from a young age is crucial for a child's developmental trajectory and lifespan. A healthy diet of nutritious foods provides the essential fuel needed to support childhood development. Along with physical activity it is also pivotal in preventing childhood illness' and health problems such as diabetes, dental disease and obesity. Healthy meals should include a wide range of fresh ingredients from the five food groups every day. Processed and foods<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_1ec3826a40c14cd1ab7926ee4ccd26ac%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_269%2Ch_342/944d89_1ec3826a40c14cd1ab7926ee4ccd26ac%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2018/06/26/Healthy-Eating-For-Good-Performance</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2018/06/26/Healthy-Eating-For-Good-Performance</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2018 02:07:14 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_1ec3826a40c14cd1ab7926ee4ccd26ac~mv2.jpg"/><div>Promoting healthy eating habits and behaviours from a young age is crucial for a child's developmental trajectory and lifespan. </div><div>A healthy diet of nutritious foods provides the essential fuel needed to support childhood development. Along with physical activity it is also pivotal in preventing childhood illness' and health problems such as diabetes, dental disease and obesity. </div><div>Healthy meals should include a wide range of fresh ingredients from the five food groups every day. Processed and foods high in sugar, salt and trans fats should only be consumed occasionally. </div><div>Water is often replaced for sugary drinks such as flavoured milks, sodas and juice. Encouraging water with meals, before, during and after physical activity and when thirsty ensures every cell in your body is able to function effectively. It is recommended a child aged 5-8 should drink 1L per day and a child 9-13 should drink 1-1.5L per day. </div><div>Below are a few trips and tricks to help you and your kids maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle!</div><div>Click on the images below for healthy recipes your kids will love!</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/ceea997463f345a0a54aa2f14bf6d8e6.jpg"/><div>1. Maintain good eating habits</div><div>Good eating habits start through education and ensuring you know what healthy eating means! Share the responsibility with your child and help them listen to their internal hunger and fullness cues. </div><div>2. Keep it consistent &amp; portion food</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/d09a8429a4594780aa9f7b53a3875b51.jpg"/><div>Ensure your child eats three meals per day, with healthy snacks and eats a variety of foods as seen above. A child will stop eating when full, so don't expect them to always finish their plate! If you have any concerns with weight and or malnourishment, please refer to a GP, paediatrician or dietician.</div><div>3. Don't ban foods </div><div>Banning specific foods only makes kids want them more! When kids get a taste of something 'forbidden,' they tend to overindulge and may develop a negative relationship with food later in life.</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/ff77b52182ef5681bcf864afebf4cbc2.jpg"/><div>4. Don't offer foods as a reward </div><div>A common error is using food as a reward. It is a habit that is difficult to break and undermines the healthy eating habits you're trying to teach your kids. It promotes the perception that 'treat foods' are better than healthy options.</div><div>5. Involve them in food choices </div><div> Give your children choice with foods so they feel they are part of the decision, such as &quot; Do you want rice or noodles?.&quot; Asking an open ended question such as &quot;What do you want for dinner&quot; provides opportunity for them to choose unhealthy choices. </div><div>6. Ensure a 5 food group diet </div><div>Click on the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating to find out more!</div><div>7. Make cooking and eating enjoyable/be creative </div><div>Promote your kids help in the kitchen! Ask your kids to plan some weekend cooking ideas or design a menu to make food more enjoyable. If you have a child who struggles to eat a particular food, shape it to make a picture on their plate! Be creative. </div><div>8. Offer and re-offer: keep trying foods </div><div>Children will eat what they need- they may eat a little in one meal and lots in another. At times they may refuse a certain food altogether. Remember, its important to re-try this food at a later time and not limit this food entirely. </div><div>9. Lead by example </div><div>Children observe your eating habits! Eating patterns develop in early social interactions surrounding feeding. Parents select the foods in the family diet, serve as models of eating that children learn to emulate and encourage culturally appropriate eating patterns and behaviours for their children. </div><div>10. Ensure appropriate eating tools: </div><div>Observe how your child eats. What is their posture like? Are they experiencing any difficulty feeding? Do they look comfortable? Are they at the correct height? It may be that they need equipment such as a non slip mat under their plate, a scooped plate, an angled spoon or a supportive chair. Posture whilst eating is crucial and if you have any concerns, talk to your</div><div>GP / paediatrician or a dietician. </div><div>References:</div><div>https://www.healthykids.nsw.gov.au/kids-teens/choose-water-as-a-drink-kids https://www.healthxchange.sg/children/food-nutrition/common-feeding-problems-children-one-three-years-strategies https://www.healthxchange.sg/children/food-nutrition/dos-donts-feeding-toddlers-children-under-three</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Why an OT - How can we help?</title><description><![CDATA[Occupational Therapy is a health profession that can be defined as "the art and science of helping people do the day to day activities that are important and meaningful to their health and well-being through engagement in valued occupations" (AOTA, 2008). Occupational engagement is important as it is associated with health and well-being.An Occupational Therapist (OT) aims to assist clients develop, improve or maintain valued occupations in daily life. These occupations can be any meaningful<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_aecafdf8e9334b429453668ec3016403%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_407%2Ch_177/944d89_aecafdf8e9334b429453668ec3016403%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/09/05/Why-and-OT---How-can-they-help</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/09/05/Why-and-OT---How-can-they-help</guid><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2018 11:25:42 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_aecafdf8e9334b429453668ec3016403~mv2.jpg"/><div>Occupational Therapy is a health profession that can be defined as &quot;the art and science of helping people do the day to day activities that are important and meaningful to their health and well-being through engagement in valued occupations&quot; (AOTA, 2008). Occupational engagement is important as it is associated with health and well-being.</div><div>An Occupational Therapist (OT) aims to assist clients develop, improve or maintain valued occupations in daily life. These occupations can be any meaningful activity that a person needs to, wants to, or are obliged to do.</div><div>Occupational therapy for children can assist with overcoming developmental challenges in movement, play, learning, attention and behaviour. Kids on Top Occupational Therapy for Children aims to assist children in developing and improving functional skills required for play, learning, attention and behaviour. Functional skills include:</div><div>Table top skills (fine motor) - pencil and scissor skills, colouring, drawing, writingWhole body skills (gross motor) - running, jumping, hopping, skipping, ball skillsCo-ordination of movements - crossing the midlineMotor planning - plan, organise and sequence a taskSelf care - daily skills required to get ready for day, such as dressing, toiling, eating, sleeping, hygieneSelf regulation - ability to control their own emotions and reactionsSensory processing - making sense of incoming sensory information from the world around usExecutive functioning - planning and organising self</div><div>Kids on Top Occupational Therapy for Children use a client centred approach which encompasses not only the child, but also the family, caregivers and teachers in order to set meaningful goals, encourage the child to develop, generalise and use skills and strategies across all the environments that they encounter, and to achieve successful outcomes in becoming the most flexible and proficient learners they can be. </div><div>Why would I see an OT?</div><div>Children can benefit from Occupational Therapy if they have:</div><div>Poor co-ordinationDelayed motor skill developmentHandwriting difficultiesPoor balance (&quot;clumsiness&quot;)A learning difficulty diagnosisSocial or behavioural issuesDecreased attention or ability to participate in age appropriate activitiesDecreased visual skillsDifficulties with feedingLow or high muscle tonePoor organisational skills</div><div>What does an Occupational Therapy session look like?</div><div>A child's occupational therapy session will often look and feel like play to the child, however, throughout the entire session the OT will be making clinical observations of muscle tone, postural control, reflex integration, motor planning, gross and fine motor skills, sensory processing and other functions related to neurological and motor development.</div><div>The OT may administer an initial assessment to provide a baseline of the child's function. Following this a comprehensive report will be provided to the caregiver, outlining goals for your child and guidelines for their therapy intervention.</div><div>The OT will contact the caregiver to discuss the report and the planned intervention to meet the established goals of the child and family. During this time the OT may provide initial home exercise/activity recommendations and answer any questions the caregiver may have.</div><div>Caregivers play an essential role in their child's therapy. It is important for the OT to work closely with the caregivers and teacher (if applicable) to ensure there is a mutual understanding of what the therapist is doing and why, to make certain everyone is working towards common goals and there is encouragement of the implementation of skills and strategies at home and other environments.</div><div>Standardised Assessments, Measures, Observational Tools and Evidence Based Approaches used at Kids On Top</div><div>Different observational tools and standardised tests are used for different ages and stages of development.</div><div>HELP for pre-schoolers.</div><div>HELP for pre-schoolers is a curriculum based assessment for use with children who are developing as 'normal' pre-schoolers or who may have developmental delay.</div><div>The Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting system (PEGS), 2nd edition.</div><div>The PEGS system is designed to enable young children to self report their perceived competence in everyday activities and to set goals for intervention. The PEGS system consists of 24 sets of visual pictures depicting normal activities a child would encounter including self care tasks, leisure activities and school productivity tasks.</div><div>Canandian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) - 5th edition</div><div>The COPM is an individualised measure designed to detect change in a client's self-reported occupational performance over time.</div><div>Canadian Orientation approach to Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP)</div><div>CO-OP is a client centred problem-solving approach that enables the child to use cognitive strategies to solve functional problems, improve performance and develop occupational competency. This may include skills that the child wants to, needs to or is expected to do. This is achieved through developing a global problem solving framework of self-guided discovery and strategies of &quot;talking self through&quot; performance problems.</div><div>The Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Intergration Test (VMI). This test allows for measurement of hand-eye co-ordination, motor control, visual perception and visual information processing through a sequence of geometric forms that are copied by the child.</div><div>Movement ABC – A developmental test assessing gross and fine motor skills, including Manual Dexterity, Ball Skills and Static and Dynamic Balance. </div><div>Handwriting Assessment – Bonney and Perks – an observational assessment addressing the mechanics of handwriting.</div><div>Speed Writing Test – Wallen, Bonney and Lennox – A timed writing test that compares the student’s letters per minute with other students in their school year.</div><div>Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting (Dash)– Barnett, Henderson, Scheib and Schultz – A variety of standardised timed handwriting tasks to assess handwriting speed and legibility in upper primary and high school students</div><div>Jordan left right reversal test - Assesses a child’s spatial knowledge in relation to symbols, letters and numbers.</div><div>Can I claim back Occupational therapy session through insurance?</div><div>Occupational therapy sessions can be claimed through: </div><div> - Health insurance, depending on your level of cover. </div><div> - Medicare with an Enhanced Primary Care (EPC) plan (discuss with nominated treating doctor)</div><div> - National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) </div><div> - Better Access to Mental Health (BAMH) with specially accredited OT's . </div><div>Sonya Moriarty, owner and OT at Kids On Top is accredited with all the above schemes. </div><div>References</div><div>American Occupational Therapy Association (2008). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (2nd ed). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(?), 625-683</div><div>Boyt Schell, B. A., Scaffa, M. E., Gillen, G., Cohen, E. S. (2014). Contemporary Occupational Therapy Practice. In B. A. B. Schell, G. Gillen, &amp; M. E. Scaffa (Eds) Willard and Spackman’s occupational therapy (12th ed., pp. 47-58). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins</div><div>Dunn, W. (2001). “The sensations of everyday life: empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations.” The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(6), 608-620.</div><div>Hessell, S. (2004). 'Entering the unknown?' Identifying potential expectations of paediatric occupational therapy held by families. New Zealand Journal Of Occupational Therapy, 51(2), 5-10. </div><div>Phoenix, M., &amp; Vanderkaay, S. (2015). Client-centred occupational therapy with children: A critical perspective. Scandinavian Journal Of Occupational Therapy, 22(4), 318-321. doi:10.3109/11038128.2015.1011690</div><div>Wilcock, A. (2006). An occupational perspective of health (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Retained neonatal reflexes... What should we know?</title><description><![CDATA[The body is a complex system. In the womb and during early life the body’s brainstem has several reflexes called ‘primitive’ or ‘neonatal’ reflexes. In fact there are 70 known primary reflexes. These reflexes occur during the life stages when the decision making process has not fully developed. In simple terms, a baby's initial movements will be reflex-based and those movements are predictable, repetitive, and subject to specific incoming stimulus.These reflexes help us grow properly and safely.<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_4ed2aa56d1ec459dbf3ab5db0c01ac20%7Emv2.png/v1/fill/w_263%2Ch_149/944d89_4ed2aa56d1ec459dbf3ab5db0c01ac20%7Emv2.png"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Kids On Top www.kidsontop.com.au</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2018/03/09/Retained-neonatal-reflexes-What-should-we-know</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2018/03/09/Retained-neonatal-reflexes-What-should-we-know</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Mar 2018 06:33:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>The body is a complex system. In the womb and during early life the body’s brainstem has several reflexes called ‘primitive’ or ‘neonatal’ reflexes. In fact there are 70 known primary reflexes. These reflexes occur during the life stages when the decision making process has not fully developed. In simple terms, a baby's initial movements will be reflex-based and those movements are predictable, repetitive, and subject to specific incoming stimulus.These reflexes help us grow properly and safely. As one matures, these reflexes are no longer needed and the higher brain takes control. It is an essential stage for normal development allowing one to perform more complex tasks. </div><div>However, as a result of developmental restrictions or trauma at birth these reflexes may remain dominant. This means that the nervous system will react inappropriately in certain situations. This in turn may then affect development, learning and behaviour.</div><div>What are the primary retained reflexes that affect educational progress and learning in the classroom? </div><div>Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR):</div><div>This is seen when babies turn their head to one side and the limbs on that side straighten while the limbs on the other side bend. This reflex should disappear at 6 months. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_4ed2aa56d1ec459dbf3ab5db0c01ac20~mv2.png"/><div>The retention of this reflex causes the most interface with a child’s learning process. Problems that can occur may include:</div><div>Handwriting: Each time a child turns their head to look at the page, their arm will want to extend and the fingers will want to open. Holding and working a pen or pencil for any length of time will require enormous effort.</div><div>Reading: Eye tracking difficulties can occur when reading as the eyes do not move smoothly from one side of the page to the other. This can result in loosing your place, loss of accuracy and loss of comprehension.</div><div>Mixed Laterality: This means that the child may use left and right hands interchangeably for the same task. The effect of mixed laterality can be failure to send information to the most efficient centre of the brain for that skill.</div><div>Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR):</div><div>This reflex allows the baby to straighten its arms and bend its legs when it looks up. The STNR reflex is normally lost at 8 months after birth. If it is not lost, it can affect a child’s ability to crawl on hands and knees. </div><div>This in turn may affect development of hand-eye co-ordination </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_76701637104646eca26736c371adc23d~mv2.png"/><div>as this is facilitated during the crawling phase.</div><div>Other symptoms of retained STNR include:</div><div>• Poor posture</div><div>• Tendency to slump when sitting, particularly at a desk</div><div>• Poor hand-eye coordination</div><div>• Messy eating</div><div>• Clumsy</div><div>• Difficulty with catching balls</div><div>• Slow at copying from the blackboard</div><div>Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR):</div><div>The TLR is the opposite of STNR. When a baby looks up TLR causes the baby to straighten it’s legs and arms, likewise when the head goes down the limbs fold in. This reflex should be fully present from the time of birth to 4 months old. It is linked to balance and muscle tone. If this reflex persists it will disrupt balance and gross motor skills.</div><div>Symptoms of this retained reflex can include: </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_ba324f2e52d14f23b4140aad7ddf1dc0~mv2.png"/><div>• Poor posture</div><div>• Tendency to walk forward on toes</div><div>• Weak at ball skills</div><div>• Poor articulation – due to an extension of the tongue </div><div> in the mouth </div><div>Moro Reflex:</div><div>The Moro reflex is a response to unexpected changes within the infant’s environment and acts as the infants’ “fight of flight” response. The Moro Reflex should disappear at 2-4 months and should be replaced by the adult “Startle” reflex. The prolonged retention of this reflex can be highly </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_ee8cce1c35214f3283cbec9b779a2b4f~mv2.jpg"/><div>disruptive to a child’s development.</div><div>Symptoms of a retained Moro Reflex include: </div><div>• Balance problems</div><div>• Motion sickness</div><div>• Sensitivity to bright lights</div><div>• Difficulty reading black print on white paper</div><div>• Dislike of loud noises</div><div>• Easily distracted</div><div>• Dislike of change- child may be clingy or shy</div><div>• Poor coordination (particularly during ball games) – which leads to poor sequencing and memory skills</div><div>Spinal Galant Reflex:</div><div>This reflex is present at birth, and should disappear by the time the baby is 9 months old. In the newborn, stroking the low back to one side of the spine will result in side flexion of the lumbar spine (low back) away from that side, with raising of the hip on the same side.</div><div>If it persists, the child experiences :</div><div>• Restlessness </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_954f487d64f44ba9aba4f380ca8cb6e9~mv2.png"/><div>• Fidgeting</div><div>• Inability to sit still.</div><div>• Bedwetting is sometimes associated with this reflex</div><div>• A tendency to dislike tight clothing around the waist.</div><div>• Poor concentration and short term memory, making it</div><div> difficult to take in and process information.</div><div>Palmar Grasp Reflex:</div><div>The palmar grasp reflex refers to a baby closing it’s fist around anything that is placed in it’s palm. The purpose of the grasping reflex is believed to be to prepare the baby’s hand muscles for developing voluntary grasping in the months to come. </div><div>This reflex should disappear at 3 months after birth.</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_652d8ed2af08441d893d14aa13ab07ce~mv2.png"/><div>Symptoms of this retained reflex may include:</div><div>• Poor handwriting.</div><div>• Poor pencil grip.</div><div>• Poor Fine Muscle Control.</div><div>• Poor dexterity.</div><div>• Poor fine motor skills.</div><div>• Poor vision coordination.</div><div>• Slumped posture when using hands.</div><div>• Back aches when sitting.</div><div>How to help your child overcome retained reflexes:</div><div>Seek a functional neurologist or an Occupational Therapist to perform an assessment to determine if your child has retained reflexes and which ones are inhibiting their developmentWork with a practitioner to complete a rehabilitation program. This program will consist of strategies to rework the neural pathways in the brain and improve the child's learning. The practitioner can also provide strategies to implement within the home and school environment.Fine motor activities including play dough, posting, peg art, threading and lacing can be attended in some of the positions illustrated below. Fun activities can be completed at home or in the child's environment to assist with the challenges experienced by the child. Some of these activities may include: Commando crawling on the floor, crawling, balance activities, passing a bean bag around the body and ball activities. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_6aa904dc91fd4135bdb094bf6b9b20fa~mv2.png"/><div>References:</div><div>Yasuyuki Futagi, Yasuhisa Toribe, and Yasuhiro Suzuki, “The Grasp Reflex and Moro Reflex in Infants: Hierarchy of Primitive Reflex Responses,” International Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 2012, Article ID 191562, 10 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/191562</div><div>Konicarova, J. &amp; Bob, P. Act Nerv Super (2012) 54: 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03379591</div><div>Photo credits: ATNR, STNR, TLR &amp; Intervention positions- Toolstogrowot.com </div><div> Spinal galant -MasgutovaMethod.com </div><div> Palmar grasp &amp; Moro reflex- Premed.org</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>School Readiness. What does this mean?</title><description><![CDATA[Starting school can be an extremely daunting and stressful time for both children and their parents. The buildings are bigger, there are more children and they are the youngest in the playground. There are more rules to follow and the classroom setting is a lot more formal. There is a lot of hype around school readiness…. So what does this term mean?School readiness refers to whether a child is ready to make a successful and easy transition into school. When it comes to school readiness many<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_d0e6a84fb6f2411ea4518d7d7473a25d%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/12/15/School-Readiness-What-does-this-mean</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/12/15/School-Readiness-What-does-this-mean</guid><pubDate>Thu, 14 Dec 2017 22:46:55 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>Starting school can be an extremely daunting and stressful time for both children and their parents. The buildings are bigger, there are more children and they are the youngest in the playground. There are more rules to follow and the classroom setting is a lot more formal. </div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_d0e6a84fb6f2411ea4518d7d7473a25d~mv2.jpg"/><div>There is a lot of hype around school readiness….So what does this term mean?</div><div>School readiness refers to whether a child is ready to make a successful and easy transition into school. When it comes to school readiness many people think of academics, for example the ability to write their name or count to 10. In actual fact, school readiness is much more than just academics. It includes the ability to independently complete self care tasks such as opening lunch boxes, attention and concentration, sound physical skills including endurance to sit upright for extended periods, emotional regulation, language skills and play and social skills. </div><div>Research demonstrates that school readiness can be actively facilitated with a little forward planning to ensure that children regularly participate in activities that develop the appropriate skills required to help optimal learning when they start school. </div><div>What activities and tasks can be practiced to assist with school readiness?</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_e810775ba1b3490996a7df506f2c7064~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_75601f1b6b7441b2bdcd3cbc061a0254~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_62627ef9b3d849f698504ccf2ae6c12b~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_eb9c7da8617249abb77747bc70d549fa~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_27f2906f308b48838d64f1a882afafc3~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_74891ef1ea2f46e7b7067cf29e4e838b~mv2.png"/><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_e0457b9d88264062b661506b5ac17c73~mv2.png"/><div>References:</div><div>Bierman, K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Nix, R. L., Gest, S. D., Welsh, J. A., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., Nelson, K. E. and Gill, S. (2008), Promoting Academic and Social-Emotional School Readiness: The Head Start REDI Program. Child Development, 79: 1802–1817. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01227.x<div>Child and Youth Health. (2008). Starting School. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&amp;np=122&amp;id=1770 </div>Ramey, C. T. &amp; Ramey, S. L. (2004). Early Learning and School Readiness: Can Early Intervention Make a Difference?Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 50(4), 471-491. Wayne State University Press. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from Project MUSE database.</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Left and Right - Crossing the body's midline</title><description><![CDATA[The body’s mid-line is an imaginary line down the centre of the body that divides the body into left and right. Crossing the body’s mid-line is the ability to reach across the middle of the body with the arms and legs. It refers to behaviour that results in reaching, stepping, or looking across the body's midline. It allows a child to perform a task on the opposite side of the body. It is an important developmental skill needed for many everyday tasks. This may include sitting cross legged on<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_032759ec85564522aabc7d43baa90638%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_263%2Ch_318/944d89_032759ec85564522aabc7d43baa90638%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/11/21/Left-and-Right---Crossing-the-bodys-midline</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/11/21/Left-and-Right---Crossing-the-bodys-midline</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2017 00:32:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_032759ec85564522aabc7d43baa90638~mv2.jpg"/><div>The body’s mid-line is an imaginary line down the centre of the body that divides the body into left and right. </div><div>Crossing the body’s mid-line is the ability to reach across the middle of the body with the arms and legs. It refers to behaviour that results in reaching, stepping, or looking across the body's midline. It allows a child to perform a task on the opposite side of the body. </div><div>It is an important developmental skill needed for many everyday tasks. This may include sitting cross legged on the floor or being able to draw across a page without swapping hands. </div><div>What are the building blocks necessary to develop the ability to cross the body’s mid-line?</div><div>• Bilateral integration skills (using both sides of the body at the same time)</div><div>• Core stability and trunk rotation: The muscles of the trunk that helps to stabilising the body so the arms and legs can be moved with control</div><div>• Hand dominance: The consistent use of one hand or foot most often that allows refine movement control to develop</div><div>• Planning and sequencing: The ability to follow multi-step instructions to achieve a defined outcome or end point</div><div>• Body awareness: The information that muscles and joints send to our brain that tells us about our body position</div><div>What problems can occur when a child has crossing the midline difficulties?</div><div>Pencil based activities may become difficult and the child may avoid them The child may become angry or frustrated when engaging in fine motor tasks that require refined movement The child may not want to perform self-care tasks independently Co-ordinating both sides of the body during activities Noticing all details on a page when copying writing or drawing</div><div>What activities can help improve crossing the body’s mid-line?</div><div>• Craft: Threading beads, cutting and pasting, folding paper</div><div>• Finger Puppets: Placing finger puppets on one hand and encouraging the child to remove the puppets with the opposite hand</div><div>• Blocks and Percussion: Getting the child to bang blocks or percussion instruments together in their mid-line.</div><div>• Twister: Playing ‘Twister’</div><div>• Simon Says: Playing ‘Simon Says’</div><div>• Streamers: Getting the child to make streamers or ribbon circles and patterns in front of their mid-line (use two hands together or one in each hand)</div><div>• Marching games using their arms and legs</div><div>• Stickers: Placing stickers on one arm and encouraging the child to remove them with the opposite hand.</div><div>Van Hof, P., Van Der Kamp, J., &amp; Savelsbergh, G. (2002). The Relation of Unimanual and Bimanual Reaching to Crossing the Midline. Child Development, 73(5), 1353-1362.</div><div>Gallace, Torta, Moseley, &amp; Iannetti. (2011). The analgesic effect of crossing the arms. Pain, 152(6), 1418-1423.</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Understanding temper tantrums (Self-regulation)</title><description><![CDATA[If you are a parent or guardian, the chances that you have experienced a tantrum is likely. We usually expect them in toddlers. However if your chid reaches school age and meltdowns and outbursts are still frequently occurring, it may be a sign that your child has difficulty with emotional self-regulation. Self-regulation refers to the ability to manage ones emotions and behaviour in accordance with the demands of the situation. This includes everything from: Resisting highly emotional reactions<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_007e714fe146486dac5a498faee6cc63%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_257%2Ch_257/944d89_007e714fe146486dac5a498faee6cc63%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/11/14/Understanding-temper-tantrums-Self-regulation</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/11/14/Understanding-temper-tantrums-Self-regulation</guid><pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 2017 00:17:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_007e714fe146486dac5a498faee6cc63~mv2.jpg"/><div>If you are a parent or guardian, the chances that you have experienced a tantrum is likely. We usually expect them in toddlers. However if your chid reaches school age and meltdowns and outbursts are still frequently occurring, it may be a sign that your child has difficulty with emotional self-regulation. </div><div>Self-regulation refers to the ability to manage ones emotions and behaviour in accordance with the demands of the situation. </div><div>This includes everything from:</div><div>Resisting highly emotional reactions to upsetting stimuli Calming ones self down when feeling upset Handling frustration without an outburst Adjusting ones reactions to differing situations</div><div>Self-regulation is a set of skills which allows children to manage their own behaviour towards a goal as they mature, without unpredictability of the world interfering with their feelings. It is crucial to our ability to form relationships with others in acceptable ways. </div><div>Self-regulation can also refer to the ability to regulate our level of arousal. This means how calm or how excited we are. This is expressed typically in two ways. Outwardly it is expressed by our emotions and inwardly by our physiological body response including increased heart beat and shallow breathing.</div><div>Fun activities to assist with self-regulation:</div><div>Note: When choosing activities keep in mind your child’s developmental level. </div><div>Breathing activities:</div><div>- Pretend to blow out birthday candles </div><div>- Role play blowing up balloons</div><div>Physical activities:</div><div>- Simple stretches including touching toes, reaching arms above your head and sitting in straddle</div><div>- Attending yoga classes or completing yoga exercises at home </div><div>- Tense and relax different body parts </div><div>Creative thinking activities:</div><div>- Use stories to explain social situations </div><div>- Role play ways to deal with emotions in certain situations</div><div>Positive self-talk acitivities:</div><div>- Use words such as &quot;I can&quot; as frequently as possible </div><div>- Create a goals chart </div><div>Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., &amp; Eggum, N. (2010). Self-Regulation and School Readiness. Early Education &amp; Development, 21(5), 681-698. Blair, C., &amp; Raver, C. (2015). School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 711-731. Montroy, J., Bowles, R., Skibbe, L., McClelland, M., &amp; Morrison, F. (n.d.). The Development of Self-Regulation Across Early Childhood. Developmental Psychology, Developmental Psychology, 2016.</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Fine motor skills</title><description><![CDATA[The term 'fine motor' means 'small muscles'. Small muscles in the fingers, hand and arm are used when a child manipulates, controls and uses tools and materials. Hand-eye coordination is also an essential component of fine motor skills, as the child uses their vision to control the movements and actions of their small muscles.Fine motor skills are essential for performing everyday tasks such as buttoning or zipping clothing, opening a lunch box, cleaning teeth, using cutlery, drawing, art and<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_c9cad5b36618498cb80c6991b000eeb8%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_413%2Ch_265/944d89_c9cad5b36618498cb80c6991b000eeb8%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/09/12/Fine-motor-skills</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/09/12/Fine-motor-skills</guid><pubDate>Tue, 07 Nov 2017 00:53:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>The term 'fine motor' means 'small muscles'. Small muscles in the fingers, hand and arm are used when a child manipulates, controls and uses tools and materials. Hand-eye coordination is also an essential component of fine motor skills, as the child uses their vision to control the movements and actions of their small muscles.</div><div>Fine motor skills are essential for performing everyday tasks such as buttoning or zipping clothing, opening a lunch box, cleaning teeth, using cutlery, drawing, art and craft, writing, cutting and pasting.</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_c9cad5b36618498cb80c6991b000eeb8~mv2.jpg"/><div>Research has shown that due to the significant amount of time spent performing fine motor tasks, and the impact that difficulties in this area can have on a student, that development of fine motor skills are an essential component in a child's overall development. Studies have also shown that fine motor performance in kindergarten is a strong predictor of later math and reading achievement. Occupational Therapists can assist children who experience fine motor difficulties to flourish to their full potential and encourage engagement in the occupational tasks that are so important to being a student.</div><div>As in all areas of development, every child will develop at their own pace, however, there is a general pattern that fine motor skill development should follow. 'Typical' milestones at particular age ranges have different characteristics;</div><div>Younger babies </div><div>- By five months, can reach out for and hold objects for brief periods of time.</div><div>Older babies </div><div>- By six to nine months, can hold and shake objects.</div><div>- By nine months, can transfer object from one hand to the other.</div><div>- Use a thumb and forefinger pincer grip to pick up small object.</div><div>Toddlers</div><div>- From 16 months to three years, children refine their fine motor skills, begin to stack blocks, make marks with drawing tools using a 'fist' grip.</div><div>Pre-school age</div><div>- Begin to master tasks including buttoning, using scissors, begin to produce pre-writing patterns eg l - + O, and shapes. From approximately three years of age most children develop a hand preference.</div><div>School age</div><div>- Enhancing fine motor skills, colouring and scissor skills, development of letters and number formations, become fluid with writing. Tasks become less taxing to complete.</div><div>If a child is having difficulties with fine motor control they may;</div><div>- Have an awkward or immature pencil grasp for their age.</div><div>- Display messy, slow or laborious drawing, colouring or writing skills.</div><div>- Have difficulty using scissors</div><div>- Have difficulty mastering letter formation</div><div>- Have difficulty manipulating small items such as lego or puzzle pieces</div><div>- Have difficulty completing self care tasks involving use of cutlery, buttons, threading or tying shoelaces</div><div>- Become tired quickly when engaging in fine motor tasks.</div><div>- Avoid or refuse to participate in fine motor tasks.</div><div>Occupational therapy intervention for a child experiencing difficulties with fine motor control will assist the child;</div><div>- Improve their ability and persistence with fine motor tasks required for day-to-day activities at home and school including self-care tasks.</div><div>- Increase school readiness and academic performance in colouring, drawing, writing, cutting and pasting.</div><div>- Avoid disengagement in an academic environment due to difficulties completing tasks.</div><div>- Maintain and develop a positive sense of well-being.</div><div>When doing activities with children to develop their fine motor skills, Occupational Therapists know that if children succeed at an activity, they are more likely to enjoy it and continue to practice it or attempt a bigger challenge. However, if they fail, the opposite is true. This may mean starting with activities that the child can do and move on to more challenging activities gradually. For example, in relation to colouring or scissor work, start with very thick outlines, gradually reducing width to provide the 'just right' challenge.</div><div>When doing activities remember that short periods of motivated practice can often be more effective than extended practice, which can lead to fatigue, frustration and mistakes.</div><div>Activities to support and develop fine motor skills</div><div>- Use of cloth dressing books and toys that have a variety of fastenings.</div><div>- Dressing a large doll or cuddly toy.</div><div>- Any kind of threading game - sewing, making necklaces with string and pasta.</div><div>- 'Feely' bags containing a variety of interesting objects for child to manipulate and identify by touch</div><div>- Cooking - kneading dough, stirring cake mix, using a rolling pin, scooping.</div><div>- Playing 'Connect 4' or 'Pick up Sticks' which require manipulation of small objects.</div><div>- Using spray water bottle to water plants - same action as required for cutting with scissors.</div><div>- Using scissors to cut playdough, or other materials such as soft fabrics, felt, bubble wrap or wrapping paper) as a fun way to practice cutting skills.</div><div>- Using tongs or tweezers to move small items from one place to another ie. jelly beans or buttons into a jar.</div><div>- Using jars with screw lids as storage containers that need to be opened and closed when playing and packing away.</div><div>- Finger isolation games such as finger puppets, finger soccer using a ping pong ball or scrunched up paper as a ball, finger painting, sticky fingers which requires placing tape around each fingertip with sticky side out, then ask child to pick up light items off table with specific fingers.</div><div>- Playing with playdough and utensils - rolling, squishing, squeezing, poking, pinching and pressing.</div><div>References:</div><div>Cameron, C. E., Brock, L. L ., Murrah, W. M., Bell, L. H., Worzalla, S. L., Grissmer, D., &amp; Morrison, F.J. (2012). Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement. Child Development, 83(4), 1229-1244. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01768.x</div><div>Dobson, F., Smith, M., Taylor, A. (1997). Activities for little fingers: Helping young children to develop fine motor skills: An occupational therapy guide for teachers. Sutherland Hospital and Community Health Service.</div><div>Grissmer, D., Grimm, K. J., Aiyer, S. M., Murrah, W.M., &amp; Steele, J.S. (2010). Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: Two new school readiness indicators. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1008-1017. doi:10.1037/a0020104</div><div>Jackman, M., &amp; Stagnitti, K. (2007). Fine motor difficulties: The need for advocating for the role of occupational therapy in schools. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 54(3), 168-173. doi:10.1111/j/1440-1630.2006.00628.x</div><div>National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC) (2008). Supporting children's development: Fine motor skills. Putting children first, 28. 3-5. Retrieved from http://ncac.acecqa.gov.au/educator-resources/pcf</div><div>articles/Supporting_children's_development_gross%20motor_Jun09.pdf</div><div>Ohl, A.M., Graze, H., Weber, K., Kenny, S., Salvatore, C., &amp; Wagreich, S. (2013). Effectiveness of a 10-week Tier-1 Response to Intervention program in improving fine motor and visual-motor skills in general education kindergarten students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(5), 507-514. doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.008110</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Putting our thinking caps on (Executive Function)</title><description><![CDATA[Executive function is much like having an air traffic control system at a very busy airport managing the arrivals and departures of planes on multiple runways. Executive function includes the ability to: Focus Hold and work with information in mind Monitor errors Revise plans Make decisions Filter distractions. Science shows that we are born with the capacity to develop these skills, however they are much depended on our experiences during childhood through to adolescence. Creating the<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_08a7b5fa5f4e474dbf7dc067748b76e9%7Emv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_219%2Ch_219/944d89_08a7b5fa5f4e474dbf7dc067748b76e9%7Emv2.jpg"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/10/31/Putting-our-thinking-caps-on-Executive-Function</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/10/31/Putting-our-thinking-caps-on-Executive-Function</guid><pubDate>Mon, 30 Oct 2017 23:46:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>Executive function is much like having an air traffic control system at a very busy airport managing the arrivals and departures of planes on multiple runways. Executive function includes the ability to:</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_08a7b5fa5f4e474dbf7dc067748b76e9~mv2.jpg"/><div>FocusHold and work with information in mindMonitor errorsRevise plans Make decisionsFilter distractions. </div><div>Science shows that we are born with the capacity to develop these skills, however they are much depended on our experiences during childhood through to adolescence. Creating the foundations of these skills is one of the most critical, yet challenging tasks in early childhood. Building on these skills are essential to healthy development and are the building blocks to learning.</div><div>Nowadays we refer to the brain as “plastic”. This means that the brain has the ability to modify by creating new pathways which in turn allows us to learn new skills.Based on this, we know that executive function skills can be supported with specialised practice and training. </div><div>So firstly, how can you tell if your child has difficulties with executive functioning? </div><div>Children with executive functioning difficulties may:</div><div>find goal setting challenging find following instructions difficult or placing steps into a sequenceshow little awareness of the process of how things happenhave trouble initiating a task not think about the future or about consequences have difficulty adapting to change skip steps in a procedure and be confused as to why it failedeasily forget what they were just told to dohave trouble controlling their emotionshave difficulty paying attention </div><div>Fun activities to assist with executive function.</div><div>Organisation:</div><div>- Create a home space for your child's items. Label areas in the house for certain items</div><div>- Use checklists to help your child create schedules </div><div>Working memory:</div><div>- Use analogies and stories to help remember new learned behaviours </div><div>- Play recall games such as &quot;I went to the shops and bought&quot; </div><div>- Use visual cues to assist the child with following instructions </div><div>Self-monitoring:</div><div>- Use behaviour charts </div><div>- discuss actions/ behaviour with the child and allow them to reflect </div><div>Task Initiation/planning:</div><div>- Break tasks into smaller steps. Allow your child to take breaks or offer rewards in-between tasks.</div><div>Sequencing and following instructions:</div><div>- Cut and paste projects requiring multiple steps in which the child must complete the task in a sequential manner. </div><div> Fox, S.E., Levitt, P., &amp; Nelson, C.A. (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Development, 81(1), 28-40. Nelson, C.A. (2000). The neurobiological bases of early intervention. In J. Shonkoff &amp; S. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Center on the Developing Child (2012). Executive Function (InBrief). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu.</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Handwriting - What do I need to know?</title><description><![CDATA[One of the most common referrals to Occupational Therapy is for handwriting. It is important to recognise that like anything, if you want to improve at it, you need to practice, practice, practice. This is absolutely the case with handwriting. If you want to improve, you need to practice! HOWEVER, it is essential that you practice correctly!This is template shows the correct style that children are, or will be learning in any NSW school. This is called the NSW Foundation Style. From kindergarten<img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_5ca2270de9224964bfc822d2aea121a2%7Emv2.png"/>]]></description><dc:creator>Sonya Moriarty</dc:creator><link>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/09/05/Handwriting---What-do-I-need-to-know</link><guid>https://www.kidsontop.com.au/single-post/2017/09/05/Handwriting---What-do-I-need-to-know</guid><pubDate>Tue, 24 Oct 2017 00:55:00 +0000</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div>One of the most common referrals to Occupational Therapy is for handwriting. It is important to recognise that like anything, if you want to improve at it, you need to practice, practice, practice. This is absolutely the case with handwriting. If you want to improve, you need to practice! HOWEVER, it is essential that you practice correctly!</div><div>This is template shows the correct style that children are, or will be learning in any NSW school. This is called the NSW Foundation Style. From kindergarten they will be learning the Foundation Print, from year 3 they will begin the Foundation Pre-Cursive writing.</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_5ca2270de9224964bfc822d2aea121a2~mv2.png"/><div>The outcomes for a kindergarten student in NSW in regards to handwriting are:</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_afdfd12400094fb084fe368797a770a5~mv2.png"/><div>To be able to produce most lower-case and uppercase lettersUnderstand the movements that are required to achieve the NSW Foundation styleBegin to understand the sequence of lettersWrite from left to right and leave spaces between words</div><div>It is important for children to check their postures when they are handwriting. The ideal position for them to sitting in is a 90-90-90 seating position. What this means is that their ankles, knees and hips are all aligned at 90 degrees. For even better positioning their feet should be firmly planted on the floor.</div><div>In regards to your child's grip, please don't be to concerned if they do not have the perfect grip. Research has consistently shown that normal handwriting performance can be achieved with a variety of grasps.</div><div>However, try to bring awareness to how tightly your child is holding their pencil. Having too tight a grip results in fatigue of muscles.</div><img src="http://static.wixstatic.com/media/944d89_8dfb9940d83e460f90baa1458699a4e8~mv2.png"/><div>To help your child reduce pencil grip, ask them to colour in a picture using different shades of grey. 'Light grey', 'medium grey', and 'dark grey'. Talk to your child about how different pressures change the shade of grey.</div><div>Remember to improve handwriting there is a need to provide lots of opportunities for practice. Now, this does not mean sitting your child down in front of a work sheet and force practice. This does not create an environment that is conducive to learning. The aim is to make the child WANT to practice.</div><div>Fun Activities to practice handwriting</div><div>Write the shopping list for your familyOrder their lunch each day - e.g.. write 'Mum' a note requesting items in lunch bagWriting a plan for the weekend - different activities, outingsWrite your friends names downKeep a journal - thoughts and feelingsWrite a list of favourite animalsWrite a list of favourite thingsCreate a craft project - write down all the materials that you needUse different things to write with e.g. crayon, texts, pencils, thick texts, glitter glueWrite a word e.g.. tree, then make that word part of the picture of a treeWrite birthday cards for friends and family</div><div>References</div><div>Schwellnus, H., Carnahan,H., Kushki, A., Polatajko, H., Missiuna, C. &amp; Chau, T. (2012). Effect of pencil grasp on the speed and legibility of handwriting after a 10-minute copy task in Grade 4 children. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 59, 180-187. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2012.01014.x</div><div>Hoy, M. M., Egan, M. Y. &amp; Feder, K. P. (2011). A systematic review of interventions to improve handwriting. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78 (1) 13-25. doi:10.2182/cjot.2011.78.1.3</div><div>Wallen, M., Duff, S., Goyen, T.-A. and Froude, E. (2013), Respecting the evidence: Responsible assessment and effective intervention for children with handwriting difficulties. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(5): 366–369. doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12045</div></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>